1. '1912-1949年'：

中華民國作為國際承認的中國代表（內戰動盪期）。

    2. '1949-1971年'：

流亡台灣但保有聯合國席位和國際承認。

    3. '1971-1979年'：

失去聯合國席位，國際承認縮減，但仍為美國盟友。

    4. '1979-1996年'：

國際孤立，內部民主化啟動。

    5. '1996年至今'：

民主鞏固，台灣認同興起，國際地位仍受限。

✨ 台灣政治現況（2000年後）

▶ 背景：政黨輪替與民主鞏固

自1996年首次總統直選以來，台灣的民主制度逐步成熟，政黨輪替成為政治常態。2000年，民主進步黨（民進黨）首次贏得總統大選，陳水扁當選，結束了國民黨自1949年遷台以來的長期執政（1949-2000年）。此後，台灣經歷多次和平的政權交接，展現了民主制度的穩健性。根據事實的描述，2000-2025年間，民進黨執政17年（2000-2008年、2016-2025年），國民黨執政8年（2008-2016年），政黨輪替反映了選民對不同意識形態與政策的選擇。

▶ 執政分布與特點

1. 2000-2008年：民進黨執政（陳水扁）

   - 民進黨首次執政，強調台灣主體意識與本土化政策。陳水扁政府推動「去中國化」措施，如正名運動（例如「台灣郵政」），並試圖強化台灣的國際能見度。

   - 然而，兩岸關係緊張，美國與中國大陸對台灣的「台獨」傾向保持警惕。內部則因經濟挑戰與貪腐爭議，影響民進黨執政聲望。

2. 2008-2016年：國民黨執政（馬英九）

   - 國民黨重返執政，馬英九政府採取親中政策，推動兩岸經濟合作（如《海峽兩岸經濟合作架構協議》，ECFA）。兩岸關係顯著緩和，實現直航與高層會談（如2015年「馬習會」）。

   - 但內部對「過度親中」的批評加劇，特別是2014年的「太陽花學運」，反映年輕世代對兩岸政策的不滿。經濟成長放緩與青年就業問題也削弱國民黨支持度。

3. 2016-2025年：民進黨執政（蔡英文）

   - 蔡英文於2016年與2020年連任，民進黨全面執政（行政與立法）。蔡政府強調「維持現狀」，主張台灣的主權獨立性，拒絕接受「九二共識」，導致兩岸關係冷卻。

   - 國際上，蔡政府積極爭取美國與西方國家的支持，特別在《台灣關係法》框架下，深化台美軍事與經濟合作（如武器銷售與《台美21世紀貿易倡議》）。台灣的國際參與度提升（如參與WHO相關會議），但仍受限於中國的外交壓力。

   - 內政上，蔡政府推動年金改革、同婚合法化與能源轉型（如非核家園），但面臨經濟通脹、兩極化政治與青年住房問題的挑戰。

▶ 當前政治現況（2025年5月）

截至2025年5月，蔡英文進入第二任期末（預計2028年結束，因假設2024年勝選連任）。民進黨在2024年大選中維持執政，反映選民對其「抗中保台」路線的持續支持。國民黨作為主要反對黨，試圖重塑形象，強調經濟發展與兩岸穩定，但內部派系整合與年輕選民流失仍是挑戰。民眾黨（2019年成立）等第三方勢力崛起，訴求改革與超越藍綠對立，對傳統兩黨格局構成壓力。

台灣政治呈現以下特點：

- 民主鞏固：政黨輪替與和平權力轉移成為常態，選舉制度公正，公民參與度高。

- 意識形態分歧：民進黨強調台灣認同與主權，國民黨主張兩岸和解，兩者對「國家定位」的分歧持續影響政策。

- 國際挑戰：在中美競爭加劇的背景下，台灣的國際空間受限，但台美關係深化為其提供安全保障。

- 內部挑戰：經濟結構轉型、青年世代的住房與就業壓力、以及兩岸關係的不確定性，考驗執政者的治理能力。

▶ 展望

台灣的民主政治在2000年後展現韌性，民進黨的長期執政（17年）反映選民對本土意識與國際連結的偏好。然而，兩岸關係的緊張與內部社會經濟問題，需未來政府謹慎應對。第三方勢力的成長可能進一步重塑政治光譜，促使藍綠兩黨調整策略。

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✨ The Five Phases of the Republic of China (ROC)

1. 1912–1949: 

Internationally Recognized Representative of China (Period of Internal Turmoil)**  

   The Republic of China, established in 1912, succeeded the Qing Dynasty and was recognized by the international community as the legitimate government of China. Despite internal challenges, including warlord conflicts, the Northern Expedition, and the Chinese Civil War, the ROC maintained its status as China’s representative in international affairs, participating in treaties and organizations such as the League of Nations.

2. 1949–1971: 

Exile in Taiwan with Retained UN Seat and International Recognition**  

   After the Nationalist (Kuomintang, KMT) government relocated to Taiwan in 1949 following defeat in the Chinese Civil War, the ROC continued to be recognized as the representative of China in the United Nations, holding the China seat, including on the Security Council. Backed by the United States and its allies during the Cold War, the ROC retained significant international legitimacy despite controlling only Taiwan and nearby islands.

3. 1971–1979: 

Loss of UN Seat and Diminishing Recognition, Yet a U.S. Ally**  

   The ROC’s international status weakened significantly after the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, which recognized the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the sole representative of China. Many countries shifted diplomatic recognition to the PRC, but the ROC remained a key U.S. ally, supported by the Mutual Defense Treaty (1954–1979) until the U.S. established formal relations with the PRC in 1979.

4. 1979–1996: 

International Isolation and the Onset of Democratization**  

   Following the U.S. recognition of the PRC and the enactment of the Taiwan Relations Act in 1979, the ROC faced growing diplomatic isolation as most nations severed formal ties. Internally, however, Taiwan embarked on democratization, marked by the lifting of martial law in 1987 and political reforms that laid the groundwork for a pluralistic system.

5. 1996–Present: 

Democratic Consolidation, Rise of Taiwanese Identity, and Persistent International Constraints**  

   The ROC’s first direct presidential election in 1996 solidified its democratic system, fostering a distinct Taiwanese identity and reducing emphasis on its historical claim to represent all of China. While Taiwan has strengthened its democracy and global informal ties, particularly with the U.S. under the Taiwan Relations Act, its formal international status remains limited due to the PRC’s diplomatic influence.

✨ Taiwan’s Political Landscape (Post-2000)

▶ Background: Party Rotation and Democratic Consolidation

Since the first direct presidential election in 1996, Taiwan’s democracy has matured, with party rotation becoming a hallmark of its political system. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidency with Chen Shui-bian, ending the Kuomintang’s (KMT) uninterrupted rule since its retreat to Taiwan in 1949. Over the 2000-2025 period, the DPP governed for 17 years (2000-2008, 2016-2025), while the KMT held power for 8 years (2008-2016), reflecting peaceful power transitions and voter preferences for differing ideologies.

▶ Governing Periods and Characteristics

1. 2000-2008: DPP Rule (Chen Shui-bian)

   - The DPP’s first tenure emphasized Taiwanese identity and localization policies, including “de-Sinicization” efforts (e.g., renaming to “Taiwan Post”). Chen’s administration sought to enhance Taiwan’s international visibility.

   - Cross-strait relations were tense, with the U.S. and China wary of Taiwan’s pro-independence leanings. Domestically, economic challenges and corruption scandals eroded the DPP’s popularity.

2. 2008-2016: KMT Rule (Ma Ying-jeou)

   - The KMT returned to power, pursuing pro-China policies, such as the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA). Cross-strait ties warmed, culminating in direct flights and the 2015 Ma-Xi summit.

   - However, criticism of “overly pro-China” policies grew, notably during the 2014 Sunflower Movement, which highlighted youth discontent. Economic slowdown and youth unemployment further weakened KMT support.

3. 2016-2025: DPP Rule (Tsai Ing-wen)

   - Tsai Ing-wen, elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2020, led a DPP-dominated government (executive and legislative). Rejecting the “1992 Consensus,” Tsai emphasized Taiwan’s sovereignty, cooling cross-strait relations.

   - Internationally, Tsai strengthened ties with the U.S. and Western allies under the Taiwan Relations Act framework, securing arms sales and advancing the U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st-Century Trade. Taiwan’s global visibility increased (e.g., WHO participation), though constrained by China’s diplomatic pressure.

   - Domestically, Tsai’s reforms included pension restructuring, same-sex marriage legalization, and energy transition (non-nuclear homeland). Challenges persist, including inflation, polarized politics, and youth housing issues.

▶ Current Political Landscape (May 2025)

As of May 2025, Tsai Ing-wen is in the final phase of her second term (projected to end in 2028, assuming re-election in 2024). The DPP’s 2024 victory reflects sustained support for its “resist China, protect Taiwan” stance. The KMT, the main opposition, struggles to rebuild its image, focusing on economic growth and cross-strait stability but facing internal factionalism and declining youth support. The Taiwan People’s Party (TPP), founded in 2019, has emerged as a third force, advocating reform and challenging the blue-green (KMT-DPP) divide.

Taiwan’s political landscape exhibits:

- Democratic Strength: Regular party rotations and fair elections underscore a robust democracy with high civic engagement.

- Ideological Divide: The DPP prioritizes Taiwanese identity and sovereignty, while the KMT advocates cross-strait reconciliation, shaping policy debates.

- International Challenges: Amid U.S.-China rivalry, Taiwan’s global space remains limited, though deepened U.S.-Taiwan ties provide security.

- Domestic Issues: Economic transformation, youth housing/employment pressures, and cross-strait uncertainties test governance.

▶ Outlook

Taiwan’s democracy has shown resilience since 2000, with the DPP’s 17-year dominance reflecting voter preference for local identity and global engagement. However, cross-strait tensions and domestic socioeconomic challenges require careful navigation. The rise of third parties like the TPP may reshape the political spectrum, prompting the DPP and KMT to adapt.