「阿賈克斯行動」的成功助長了美國在未來幾年資助其他冷戰政變的企圖，包括在瓜地馬拉、埃及、印尼和古巴。在伊朗，沙阿和札赫迪鎮壓了內部敵人。政府宣布反對黨為非法，追捕伊斯蘭團體，排擠卡沙尼，並鎮壓了剩餘的民族陣線。沙阿建立秘密警察機構「薩瓦克」是專制統治的另一個舉措，該機構很快便令大多數伊朗人感到恐懼。美國基於冷戰時期對共產主義的恐懼而進行的干預，在伊朗埋下了一顆定時炸彈。未來的美國總統歐巴馬花了50多年才承認美國在1953年政變中的角色。到那時，伊朗將面臨更劇烈的動盪。既然您已經觀看了這段視頻，您可能是一位喜歡觀看詳盡歷史紀錄片的觀眾。我們實際上製作了三部紀錄片系列，總長超過9小時。 《柏林十六日》和《萊茵蘭45》講述了二戰在歐洲的最後幾場戰役。而我們的系列紀錄片《紅色原子》則深入剖析了蘇聯核子計劃，從其起源到切爾諾貝利核事故及後續影響。遺憾的是，由於YouTube的廣告準則和演算法的限制，我們無法將這些系列上傳到YouTube。那麼，您可以在哪裡觀賞《柏林十六日》、《萊茵蘭45》和《紅色原子》呢？答案是：Nebula，一個我們與其他創作者共同打造的串流服務平台。只需造訪nebula.tv/realtimehistory，點擊「TV/Realtime History」即可註冊。註冊後，您可以觀看我們所有的紀錄片，包括所有上傳到YouTube的影片，而且全程無廣告，4K解析度。所有這些只需36美元，即可享受一整年的訂閱服務。 Nebula可在智慧型手機、Apple TV、Roku等裝置上使用。順便一提，一年的Nebula訂閱也是一份很棒的禮物。隨著假期臨近，您可以送給親朋好友一份禮物：一整年精彩的紀錄片，內容涵蓋我們或其他創作者的作品，例如Epic History TV及其對拿破崙戰爭的精彩報道。無論您是為自己訂閱Nebula，還是將其贈送他人，您都將直接支持我們的工作。再次提醒，現在訂閱nebula.tv/realtimehistory可享40%折扣，全年僅需36美元。感謝Philip Jasca對本集節目的幫助。想了解更多中東歷史，請觀看我們關於海灣戰爭的影片。如果您在Patreon或Nebula上觀看此視頻，非常感謝您的支持。沒有你們，我們無法做到這一切。我是Jesse Alexander，本節目由Realtime History製作，我們是唯一拒絕粉飾英國歷史的頻道。別笑我。
In 1951, Iran is at a crossroads. After decades of interference by foreign powers eager to exploit its oil reserves, the government decides it will throw them out and take control of the country's wealth. But with the superpowers cold war paranoia and thirst for oil, it won't be easy, especially once the CIA gets involved.
By the early 1950s, Iran has experienced decades of upheaval. In 1921, Resasha Pakavi comes to power in a Britishup supported coup and begins a program of modernizing and westernizing the country on the Turkish model while at the same time resisting British and Soviet influence. He also renews agreements with the Anglo-Iranian oil company that give the British state controlled firm preferential access to Iran's oil for extraction and sale. The Second World War brings dramatic changes. In 1941, British and Soviet troops invade neutral Iran to get control over its oil, prevent German influence, and open a route for military aid to the USSR. They exile Res Sha and replace him with his son Muhammad Resa Paklavi who takes the royal title of Sha. The Soviets also try to muscle their way into Iranian oil in 1944, but they fail. Iran's new ruler faces a host of problems during and after the war. He's unpopular, not least because he represses nomadic tribes, confiscates privately owned land for himself, and fails to meet citizens expectations of a better quality of life. Many Iranians are unhappy with foreign occupation and poverty, and even after the British and Soviet troops leave in 1946, that its oil reserves are controlled by foreign oil companies who don't share revenue fairly. Many of the Shaw's critics want to use oil revenue to restore Iran's full sovereignty and modernize the country, and the question of who will control Iranian oil sets the stage for a major crisis in the early 1950s. Some parties support the Sha's position who want stability and to continue to benefit from the oil deal with the British. The large communist party wants the Soviet Union to have some control. The Islamist terrorist movement Fainí a Islam opposes foreign control, wants a theocracy and assassinates several highranking politicians. But the most important political force is Muhammad Mosadek's National Front. a broad coalition of leftists, centrists, nationalists, and even conservative clergymen like the influential Ayatollah Kashani. This mixed group is held together by opposition to British influence, the wish to empower parliament at the expense of the sha, and the desire to bring the oil industry under Iranian state control by nationalizing it. In 1951, the parliament elects Mosade prime minister with a large majority. He's a wealthy landowner and a monarchist, but introduces sweeping reforms, including more rights for workers, social security, and attacks on land owners. Mosadc's priority, though, is getting the British out and nationalizing oil. He demands a better profit sharing deal and expels some British oil company personnel, but Anglo-Iranian interrupts production. Mosadc with the approval of parliament announces the nationalization of the company in April 1951. Long years of negotiations with foreign countries have served no purpose. The Iranian state prefers to control its own oil production. Thanks to the nationalization of the British company, we can combat corruption in our country. Our oil profits will enable us to review our entire budget to fight poverty, sickness, and underdevelopment. Another important point, we will now be able to preserve our international interest from foreign influence. The British company has nothing more to do in our country save to return its assets to their true owners. Iran's oil is now under its control, but Mosad has made many enemies. The sha's supporters, landowners, and religious conservatives feel he's too radical. today is upset that the USSR has not been involved and has the support of many intellectuals and some army officers. The Islamic extremists even try to assassinate Mosade since he won't introduce Sharia law. The economy also suffers since there are not enough trained Iranians to run the oil wells. Oil production falls from 241 million barrels in 1951 to just 10 million in 1952 with a corresponding and catastrophic drop in state revenue. The British are furious as they view their oil interests in Iran as a question of state security. London complains to the UN Security Council and the International Court of the Hague, but neither feel that the problem is within their jurisdiction. The British sanction oil sales, their forces carry out military exercises in the region, and opposition leader Winston Churchill even suggests a coup. London does pressure the Sha to get rid of Mosad and appoint a more compliant prime minister. and British MI6 agents secretly support anti-government protests. Although the foreign office sees a danger in half measures, until we made it perfectly plain that we see no possibility of reaching an agreement with Dr. Mosade, the growing opposition to him will be unwilling to commit themselves to the point of bringing about his overthrow. Meanwhile, the United States worries that conflict between Britain and Iran might play into the hands of their cold war rivals, the Soviets, when in reality, Moscow has a poor opinion of Mosade at this time. In fact, the CIA has been quietly trying to limit the two-day party's growth for several years. So, President Truman sends diplomat Ail Haramman to Iran over British objections. Many Iranians, including the government, see the US as a fairer partner than the British, especially because the US has no major economic interests in the country. Haramman does convince the British to restart talks, but these fail and he blames Mossade for being unwilling to compromise. Still, Truman and Secretary of State Dean Aerson are skeptical of British motives and veto a British plan to occupy the port of Abadan. The Sha meanwhile fears Mosadic's reforms and the danger of conflict with Britain. He even fears as he will later write for the monarchy's very existence. The worst years of my reign indeed of my entire life came when Mosad was prime minister. Every morning I awoke with the sensation that today might be my last one on the throne. When Mosad resigns suddenly in July 1952 after an argument over who should control the military, the sha appoints Ahmmed Kavam in his place. Mosad is still popular among the people and now even some of his political rivals are outraged. Kavam must know that the people will not submit to his colonialist policy. It is not by terrorizing people that he will manage to govern. If need be, I shall call Iranians to a holy war, the jihad, against all foreigners and their mercenaries who want to steal our country's assets and endanger its independence.
Most parties support a 5-day uprising following Mosadic's dismissal. Dozens are killed in the violence, but the revolt forces the Sha to reappoint Mosadic as prime minister. Tensions have only increased, and Britain now turns to the US for help. Since Iran has broken off diplomatic relations, President Eisenhower's election in late 1952 changes US policy in the Middle East as his administration adopts a more active new look foreign policy. President Truman had earlier supported Mosade and didn't want to provoke Soviet intervention by getting involved. Now though, the intensity of the Cold War, including the recent Chinese communist victory in their civil war and the ongoing conflict in Korea heightens US fears about communism in Iran. There is some debate about whether US oil interests play a role in their eventual decision to launch a coup, but it's more likely that the worries about communist spread are the main motivator. Eisenhower will later share his view. Iran's downhill course toward communist supported dictatorship was picking up momentum. For the sha, the time had come to check that course. Iranian anti-communist political figures and some in Washington now suspect Mosade of authoritarian and communist sympathies. This is how they interpret events when Mosad interrupts the 1952 elections before all parliamentary seats are filled, requests emergency powers from parliament, pushes for more centralized power, removes unfriendly army officers, and works with today in parliament. Several National Front allies, including Ayatollah Kashani, break with Mosade in protest. And it's possible that MI6 and CIA agents have contributed to some of this internal discord as well. Meanwhile, the British still want to recover their stake in the oil industry and approach the Americans with a plan for a coup in Iran. In November and December 1952, CIA and MI6 agents hold secret talks. British agent Monty Woodhouse chooses his words carefully. Not wishing to be accused of trying to use the Americans to pull British chestnuts out of the fire, I decided to emphasize the communist threat to Iran rather than the need to recover control of the oil industry. I argued that even if a settlement of the oil dispute could be negotiated with Mosade, which was doubtful, he was still incapable of resisting a coup by the two-day party if it were backed by Soviet support. Therefore, he must be removed. The US agrees to the plan despite the objections of some CIA officers and operation Ajax is born. The CIA, MI6, the Sha once he'll be informed and some anti-mosed Iranians will work together to remove Mosed from power. Among these are paid agitators and informants including journalists, officers, and intellectuals. But some sources claim former Mosed ally Ayatollah Kashani is also involved. Retired General Fazola Zahedi is to be the new prime minister, and the CIA sets aside $1 million for the plan, about $12 million today. The main organizer is CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt. In early 1953, antinational front propaganda appears in Iran, including several new newspapers and several major anti-mosed riots take place, especially after he dissolves the parliament via a rigged referendum. Agents also target members of parliament and army officers to turn them against the prime minister. In August, Operation Ajax goes into action, an episode whose events and interpretations are still controversial today. The sha is hesitant to move against the popular mosade openly and distrusts the British. He only agrees after reassurances from Roosevelt. On August 15th, 1953, Muhammad Resa [ __ ] dismisses Mosade with a CIA drafted decree and has several ministers arrested. But the Sha's decree is illegal as parliament has not approved it and Mosade is tipped off possibly by today. Police loyal to the prime minister arrest the officer of the Shaw's Imperial Guard who serves him with the decree. Army units are also on the move. Some to arrest Mosade and others to protect him. General Hussein Fadust recalls. Zahedi ordered the execution of the plan for the coup. But surprisingly, none of the military formations moved from their locations. The Minister of Defense, General Riyah, was informed of the incident, and the military units loyal to Mosade disarmed and arrested the three military units of the coup without a clash.
In the aftermath, chaos reigns. Forces loyal to Mosad search Thran for Zahedi, who goes into hiding at a CIA safe house. Angry crowds tear down statues of the Shaw. Though it's still debated which political or foreign forces are behind them, and the Shaw flees the country, much to the surprise of the Americans and British. Government forces arrest suspected plotters in the military, and there are even reports Mosadesh orders gallows erected on Sepa Square. Large two-day protests add to the confusion, especially since they're likely started by Iranian CIA agents as a false flag to discredit today before actual Today supporters unknowingly join. Washington believes Operation Ajax has failed, but Roosevelt, Zahedi, and their allies try again. Roosevelt arranges for journalists to interview Zahedi, and the clergy begins a new propaganda effort. US Defense Department official Wilbur Eland recalls what happens next. On August 19th, loyalist mobs were collected in southern Thran and were led into the modern quarters where they swept along soldiers and officers. General Zahedi emerged from hiding to climb into a tank and be taken to the radio station where he proclaimed the new government. The crowds are the subject of many allegations that they're paid by the CIA, organized by Kashani, or egged on by criminal elements. Some police and military units join, and pro Zahedi forces with 32 Sherman tanks besiege key points in the city. Around 300 people are killed. Zahedi's troops arrest Mosade after heavy fighting at his home, and the general proclaims himself prime minister. The sha returns and his courts sentence Mosad to house arrest in his home village. According to Roosevelt's later memoir, the monarch credits the CIA agent personally. I owe my throne to God, to my people, my army, and to you. There is though some discussion about who is really responsible for the coup's success. Most historians and the CIA and MI6 agents who later write memoirs attribute the coup's success to the CIA and MI6. President Eisenhower believes Roosevelt's version as he confides to his diary. Another recent development that we helped bring about was the restoration of the Shaw to power in Iran and the elimination of Mosad. The things we did were covert. If knowledge of them became public, we would not only be embarrassed in that region, but our chances to do anything of like nature in the future would almost totally disappear. I listened to Roosevelt's detailed report, and it seemed more like a dime novel than a historical fact. We can understand exactly how courageous our agent was in staying right on the job and continuing to work until he reversed the entire situation. But some point to US State Department documents that order a halt to the coup after its initial failure, which would place more responsibility on local actors like General Zahedi and the clergy for its success. Woodhouse even claims the CIA simply exaggerates its role to get a budget increase from Congress. In any case, Iran was now a US-friendly power. The Sha's government supports US interests and opposes Soviet ones most of the time. and the Anglo-Iranian oil company, soon renamed British Petroleum, resumes the extraction and sale of Iranian oil, now joined by US companies. The success of Operation Ajax helps encourage the US to sponsor other cold war coup attempts in years to come, including in Guatemala, Egypt, Indonesia, and Cuba. In Iran, the Shaw and Zahedi crack down on internal enemies. The government declares opposition parties illegal, hunts down Islamic groups, sidelines Kashani, and represses and the remainder of the National Front. Another step in authoritarian rule is the creation of the Sha's secret police, the Savak, who will soon strike fear into most Iranians. US intervention based on cold war fears of communism creates a powder keg in Iran. It will take more than 50 years for future President Barack Obama to admit the US role in the 1953 coup. And by then, Iran will have faced even more dramatic upheavalss. Since you made it to the end of this video, you're probably a fan of detailed history documentaries. We actually produced three documentary series with a combined runtime of more than 9 hours. 16 Days in Berlin and Rhineland 45 feature the last battles of World War II in Europe. And our series Red Atoms breaks down the Soviet nuclear program from its origins to the Chernobyl disaster and beyond. Unfortunately, we couldn't upload these series to YouTube where we have to navigate advertising guidelines and the almighty algorithm. So, where can you watch 16 Days in Berlin, Rhineline 45, and Red Adams? On Nebula, a streaming service we're building together with other creators. If you sign up at nebula.tv/realtimehistory, TV/Realtime History. You can watch all our documentaries, including everything we upload to YouTube, ad free, and in 4K resolution. And all that for just $36 for an entire year. Nebula is available on smartphones, Apple TV, Roku, and more. A year of Nebula is also a great gift, by the way. And with the holidays fast approaching, you can gift a loved one a year of smart creator documentaries from us or other creators like Epic History TV and their incredible coverage of the Napoleonic Wars. Whether you sign up for Nebula for yourself or gift it to someone else, you will also support our work directly. Again, that's nebula.tv/realtimehistory for 40% off and just $36 for an entire year. We want to thank Philip Jasca for his help with this episode. For more Middle Eastern history, check out our video on the Gulf War. If you're watching this video on Patreon or Nebula, thank you so much for the support. We couldn't do it without you. I'm Jesse Alexander, and this is a production of Realtime History, the only history channel that refuses to pull British chestnuts out of the fire. Hold that face.
